\(\int (a+b \cos (c+d x))^3 \sec ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x) \, dx\) [707]

Optimal result

Integrand size = 23, antiderivative size = 160 \[ \int (a+b \cos (c+d x))^3 \sec ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x) \, dx=-\frac {2 b \left (3 a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} E\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}}{d}+\frac {2 a \left (a^2+9 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {16 a^2 b \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sin (c+d x)}{3 d}+\frac {2 a^2 \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} (b+a \sec (c+d x)) \sin (c+d x)}{3 d} \]

[Out]

16/3*a^2*b*sin(d*x+c)*sec(d*x+c)^(1/2)/d+2/3*a^2*(b+a*sec(d*x+c))*sin(d*x+c)*sec(d*x+c)^(1/2)/d-2*b*(3*a^2-b^2
)*(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)/cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)*EllipticE(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c),2^(1/2))*cos(d*x+c)^(1/2)*sec(d
*x+c)^(1/2)/d+2/3*a*(a^2+9*b^2)*(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)/cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)*EllipticF(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c),2
^(1/2))*cos(d*x+c)^(1/2)*sec(d*x+c)^(1/2)/d

Rubi [A] (verified)

Time = 0.26 (sec) , antiderivative size = 160, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 8, number of rules used = 7, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.304, Rules used = {3317, 3927, 4132, 3856, 2720, 4131, 2719} \[ \int (a+b \cos (c+d x))^3 \sec ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x) \, dx=\frac {2 a \left (a^2+9 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),2\right )}{3 d}-\frac {2 b \left (3 a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} E\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )}{d}+\frac {2 a^2 \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} (a \sec (c+d x)+b)}{3 d}+\frac {16 a^2 b \sin (c+d x) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}}{3 d} \]

[In]

Int[(a + b*Cos[c + d*x])^3*Sec[c + d*x]^(5/2),x]

[Out]

(-2*b*(3*a^2 - b^2)*Sqrt[Cos[c + d*x]]*EllipticE[(c + d*x)/2, 2]*Sqrt[Sec[c + d*x]])/d + (2*a*(a^2 + 9*b^2)*Sq
rt[Cos[c + d*x]]*EllipticF[(c + d*x)/2, 2]*Sqrt[Sec[c + d*x]])/(3*d) + (16*a^2*b*Sqrt[Sec[c + d*x]]*Sin[c + d*
x])/(3*d) + (2*a^2*Sqrt[Sec[c + d*x]]*(b + a*Sec[c + d*x])*Sin[c + d*x])/(3*d)

Rule 2719

Int[Sqrt[sin[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]], x_Symbol] :> Simp[(2/d)*EllipticE[(1/2)*(c - Pi/2 + d*x), 2], x] /; FreeQ[{
c, d}, x]

Rule 2720

Int[1/Sqrt[sin[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]], x_Symbol] :> Simp[(2/d)*EllipticF[(1/2)*(c - Pi/2 + d*x), 2], x] /; FreeQ
[{c, d}, x]

Rule 3317

Int[(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(d_.))^(m_)*((a_) + (b_.)*sin[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^(n_.))^(p_.), x_Symbol] :> Dist
[d^(n*p), Int[(d*Csc[e + f*x])^(m - n*p)*(b + a*Csc[e + f*x]^n)^p, x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, d, e, f, m, n, p}, x
] &&  !IntegerQ[m] && IntegersQ[n, p]

Rule 3856

Int[(csc[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]*(b_.))^(n_), x_Symbol] :> Dist[(b*Csc[c + d*x])^n*Sin[c + d*x]^n, Int[1/Sin[c + d
*x]^n, x], x] /; FreeQ[{b, c, d}, x] && EqQ[n^2, 1/4]

Rule 3927

Int[(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(d_.))^(n_)*(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_))^(m_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(-b^2)
*Cot[e + f*x]*(a + b*Csc[e + f*x])^(m - 2)*((d*Csc[e + f*x])^n/(f*(m + n - 1))), x] + Dist[1/(d*(m + n - 1)),
Int[(a + b*Csc[e + f*x])^(m - 3)*(d*Csc[e + f*x])^n*Simp[a^3*d*(m + n - 1) + a*b^2*d*n + b*(b^2*d*(m + n - 2)
+ 3*a^2*d*(m + n - 1))*Csc[e + f*x] + a*b^2*d*(3*m + 2*n - 4)*Csc[e + f*x]^2, x], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, d, e,
f, n}, x] && NeQ[a^2 - b^2, 0] && GtQ[m, 2] && (IntegerQ[m] || IntegersQ[2*m, 2*n]) &&  !(IGtQ[n, 2] &&  !Int
egerQ[m])

Rule 4131

Int[(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.))^(m_.)*(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^2*(C_.) + (A_)), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(-C)*Cot
[e + f*x]*((b*Csc[e + f*x])^m/(f*(m + 1))), x] + Dist[(C*m + A*(m + 1))/(m + 1), Int[(b*Csc[e + f*x])^m, x], x
] /; FreeQ[{b, e, f, A, C, m}, x] && NeQ[C*m + A*(m + 1), 0] &&  !LeQ[m, -1]

Rule 4132

Int[(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.))^(m_.)*((A_.) + csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(B_.) + csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^2*(
C_.)), x_Symbol] :> Dist[B/b, Int[(b*Csc[e + f*x])^(m + 1), x], x] + Int[(b*Csc[e + f*x])^m*(A + C*Csc[e + f*x
]^2), x] /; FreeQ[{b, e, f, A, B, C, m}, x]

Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \int \frac {(b+a \sec (c+d x))^3}{\sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}} \, dx \\ & = \frac {2 a^2 \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} (b+a \sec (c+d x)) \sin (c+d x)}{3 d}+\frac {2}{3} \int \frac {-\frac {1}{2} b \left (a^2-3 b^2\right )+\frac {1}{2} a \left (a^2+9 b^2\right ) \sec (c+d x)+4 a^2 b \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}} \, dx \\ & = \frac {2 a^2 \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} (b+a \sec (c+d x)) \sin (c+d x)}{3 d}+\frac {2}{3} \int \frac {-\frac {1}{2} b \left (a^2-3 b^2\right )+4 a^2 b \sec ^2(c+d x)}{\sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}} \, dx+\frac {1}{3} \left (a \left (a^2+9 b^2\right )\right ) \int \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \, dx \\ & = \frac {16 a^2 b \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sin (c+d x)}{3 d}+\frac {2 a^2 \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} (b+a \sec (c+d x)) \sin (c+d x)}{3 d}-\left (b \left (3 a^2-b^2\right )\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}} \, dx+\frac {1}{3} \left (a \left (a^2+9 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}\right ) \int \frac {1}{\sqrt {\cos (c+d x)}} \, dx \\ & = \frac {2 a \left (a^2+9 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {16 a^2 b \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sin (c+d x)}{3 d}+\frac {2 a^2 \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} (b+a \sec (c+d x)) \sin (c+d x)}{3 d}-\left (b \left (3 a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}\right ) \int \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \, dx \\ & = -\frac {2 b \left (3 a^2-b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} E\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}}{d}+\frac {2 a \left (a^2+9 b^2\right ) \sqrt {\cos (c+d x)} \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),2\right ) \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)}}{3 d}+\frac {16 a^2 b \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} \sin (c+d x)}{3 d}+\frac {2 a^2 \sqrt {\sec (c+d x)} (b+a \sec (c+d x)) \sin (c+d x)}{3 d} \\ \end{align*}

Mathematica [A] (verified)

Time = 1.01 (sec) , antiderivative size = 106, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.66 \[ \int (a+b \cos (c+d x))^3 \sec ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x) \, dx=\frac {\sec ^{\frac {3}{2}}(c+d x) \left (6 b \left (-3 a^2+b^2\right ) \cos ^{\frac {3}{2}}(c+d x) E\left (\left .\frac {1}{2} (c+d x)\right |2\right )+a \left (2 \left (a^2+9 b^2\right ) \cos ^{\frac {3}{2}}(c+d x) \operatorname {EllipticF}\left (\frac {1}{2} (c+d x),2\right )+2 a (a+9 b \cos (c+d x)) \sin (c+d x)\right )\right )}{3 d} \]

[In]

Integrate[(a + b*Cos[c + d*x])^3*Sec[c + d*x]^(5/2),x]

[Out]

(Sec[c + d*x]^(3/2)*(6*b*(-3*a^2 + b^2)*Cos[c + d*x]^(3/2)*EllipticE[(c + d*x)/2, 2] + a*(2*(a^2 + 9*b^2)*Cos[
c + d*x]^(3/2)*EllipticF[(c + d*x)/2, 2] + 2*a*(a + 9*b*Cos[c + d*x])*Sin[c + d*x])))/(3*d)

Maple [B] (verified)

Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. \(629\) vs. \(2(194)=388\).

Time = 483.02 (sec) , antiderivative size = 630, normalized size of antiderivative = 3.94

method	result	size
default	\(-\frac {2 \sqrt {-\left (-2 \left (\cos ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )+1\right ) \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )}\, \left (36 \cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ) \left (\sin ^{4}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right ) a^{2} b -2 \sqrt {2 \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )-1}\, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\cos \left (d x +c \right )}{2}}\, F\left (\cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ), \sqrt {2}\right ) \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right ) a^{3}-18 F\left (\cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ), \sqrt {2}\right ) \sqrt {2 \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )-1}\, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\cos \left (d x +c \right )}{2}}\, \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right ) a \,b^{2}-18 \sqrt {2 \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )-1}\, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\cos \left (d x +c \right )}{2}}\, E\left (\cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ), \sqrt {2}\right ) \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right ) a^{2} b +6 \sqrt {2 \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )-1}\, \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\cos \left (d x +c \right )}{2}}\, E\left (\cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ), \sqrt {2}\right ) \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right ) b^{3}-2 \cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ) \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right ) a^{3}-18 \cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ) \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right ) a^{2} b +a^{3} \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\cos \left (d x +c \right )}{2}}\, \sqrt {2 \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )-1}\, F\left (\cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ), \sqrt {2}\right )+9 a \,b^{2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\cos \left (d x +c \right )}{2}}\, \sqrt {2 \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )-1}\, F\left (\cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ), \sqrt {2}\right )+9 \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\cos \left (d x +c \right )}{2}}\, \sqrt {2 \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )-1}\, E\left (\cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ), \sqrt {2}\right ) a^{2} b -3 \sqrt {\frac {1}{2}-\frac {\cos \left (d x +c \right )}{2}}\, \sqrt {2 \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )-1}\, E\left (\cos \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right ), \sqrt {2}\right ) b^{3}\right ) \sqrt {-2 \left (\sin ^{4}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )+\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )}}{3 \left (4 \left (\sin ^{4}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )-4 \left (\sin ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )+1\right ) \sin \left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )^{3} \sqrt {2 \left (\cos ^{2}\left (\frac {d x}{2}+\frac {c}{2}\right )\right )-1}\, d}\)	\(630\)
parts	\(\text {Expression too large to display}\)	\(673\)

[In]

int((a+cos(d*x+c)*b)^3*sec(d*x+c)^(5/2),x,method=_RETURNVERBOSE)

[Out]

-2/3*(-(-2*cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2+1)*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)/(4*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^4-4*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2+
1)/sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^3*(36*cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^4*a^2*b-2*(2*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2-1)^(1/2)*(
sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)*EllipticF(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c),2^(1/2))*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2*a^3-18*(2*sin(1/2*d*x+1
/2*c)^2-1)^(1/2)*(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)*EllipticF(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c),2^(1/2))*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2*a*b^2
-18*(2*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2-1)^(1/2)*(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)*EllipticE(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c),2^(1/2))*sin(1/
2*d*x+1/2*c)^2*a^2*b+6*(2*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2-1)^(1/2)*(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)*EllipticE(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2
*c),2^(1/2))*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2*b^3-2*cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2*a^3-18*cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)*sin(
1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2*a^2*b+a^3*(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)*(2*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2-1)^(1/2)*EllipticF(cos(1/2*d*x
+1/2*c),2^(1/2))+9*a*b^2*(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)*(2*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2-1)^(1/2)*EllipticF(cos(1/2*d*x+1
/2*c),2^(1/2))+9*(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)*(2*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2-1)^(1/2)*EllipticE(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c),2^
(1/2))*a^2*b-3*(sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)*(2*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2-1)^(1/2)*EllipticE(cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c),2^(1
/2))*b^3)*(-2*sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^4+sin(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2)^(1/2)/(2*cos(1/2*d*x+1/2*c)^2-1)^(1/2)/d

Fricas [C] (verification not implemented)

Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 4.

Time = 0.10 (sec) , antiderivative size = 214, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.34 \[ \int (a+b \cos (c+d x))^3 \sec ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x) \, dx=\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (-i \, a^{3} - 9 i \, a b^{2}\right )} \cos \left (d x + c\right ) {\rm weierstrassPInverse}\left (-4, 0, \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + i \, \sin \left (d x + c\right )\right ) + \sqrt {2} {\left (i \, a^{3} + 9 i \, a b^{2}\right )} \cos \left (d x + c\right ) {\rm weierstrassPInverse}\left (-4, 0, \cos \left (d x + c\right ) - i \, \sin \left (d x + c\right )\right ) - 3 \, \sqrt {2} {\left (3 i \, a^{2} b - i \, b^{3}\right )} \cos \left (d x + c\right ) {\rm weierstrassZeta}\left (-4, 0, {\rm weierstrassPInverse}\left (-4, 0, \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + i \, \sin \left (d x + c\right )\right )\right ) - 3 \, \sqrt {2} {\left (-3 i \, a^{2} b + i \, b^{3}\right )} \cos \left (d x + c\right ) {\rm weierstrassZeta}\left (-4, 0, {\rm weierstrassPInverse}\left (-4, 0, \cos \left (d x + c\right ) - i \, \sin \left (d x + c\right )\right )\right ) + \frac {2 \, {\left (9 \, a^{2} b \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a^{3}\right )} \sin \left (d x + c\right )}{\sqrt {\cos \left (d x + c\right )}}}{3 \, d \cos \left (d x + c\right )} \]

[In]

integrate((a+b*cos(d*x+c))^3*sec(d*x+c)^(5/2),x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

1/3*(sqrt(2)*(-I*a^3 - 9*I*a*b^2)*cos(d*x + c)*weierstrassPInverse(-4, 0, cos(d*x + c) + I*sin(d*x + c)) + sqr
t(2)*(I*a^3 + 9*I*a*b^2)*cos(d*x + c)*weierstrassPInverse(-4, 0, cos(d*x + c) - I*sin(d*x + c)) - 3*sqrt(2)*(3
*I*a^2*b - I*b^3)*cos(d*x + c)*weierstrassZeta(-4, 0, weierstrassPInverse(-4, 0, cos(d*x + c) + I*sin(d*x + c)
)) - 3*sqrt(2)*(-3*I*a^2*b + I*b^3)*cos(d*x + c)*weierstrassZeta(-4, 0, weierstrassPInverse(-4, 0, cos(d*x + c
) - I*sin(d*x + c))) + 2*(9*a^2*b*cos(d*x + c) + a^3)*sin(d*x + c)/sqrt(cos(d*x + c)))/(d*cos(d*x + c))

Sympy [F(-1)]

Timed out. \[ \int (a+b \cos (c+d x))^3 \sec ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x) \, dx=\text {Timed out} \]

[In]

integrate((a+b*cos(d*x+c))**3*sec(d*x+c)**(5/2),x)

[Out]

Timed out

Maxima [F]

\[ \int (a+b \cos (c+d x))^3 \sec ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x) \, dx=\int { {\left (b \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a\right )}^{3} \sec \left (d x + c\right )^{\frac {5}{2}} \,d x } \]

[In]

integrate((a+b*cos(d*x+c))^3*sec(d*x+c)^(5/2),x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

integrate((b*cos(d*x + c) + a)^3*sec(d*x + c)^(5/2), x)

Giac [F]

\[ \int (a+b \cos (c+d x))^3 \sec ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x) \, dx=\int { {\left (b \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a\right )}^{3} \sec \left (d x + c\right )^{\frac {5}{2}} \,d x } \]

[In]

integrate((a+b*cos(d*x+c))^3*sec(d*x+c)^(5/2),x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

integrate((b*cos(d*x + c) + a)^3*sec(d*x + c)^(5/2), x)

Mupad [F(-1)]

Timed out. \[ \int (a+b \cos (c+d x))^3 \sec ^{\frac {5}{2}}(c+d x) \, dx=\int {\left (\frac {1}{\cos \left (c+d\,x\right )}\right )}^{5/2}\,{\left (a+b\,\cos \left (c+d\,x\right )\right )}^3 \,d x \]

[In]

int((1/cos(c + d*x))^(5/2)*(a + b*cos(c + d*x))^3,x)

[Out]

int((1/cos(c + d*x))^(5/2)*(a + b*cos(c + d*x))^3, x)